Jan 23

PaleoWorld: The Neanderthal

Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago. Currently the earliest fossils of Neanderthals in Europe are dated between 450,000 to 430,000 years ago, and thereafter Neanderthals expanded into Southwest and Central Asia.

 

 

They are known from numerous fossils, as well as stone tool assemblages. Almost all assemblages younger than 160,000 years are of the so-called Mousterian techno-complex, which is characterised by tools made out of stone flakes. The type specimen is Neanderthal 1, found in Neander Valley in the German Rhineland, in 1856.

Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies. In conformance with Bergmann’s rule, this likely was an adaptation to preserve heat in cold climates.

 

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